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Nimravidae

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Nimravidae
Temporal range: Middle Eocene (Bartonian) – Late Oligocene (Chattian) 40.4–23.03 Ma Possible Late Miocene records
Hoplophoneus mentalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Superfamily: †Nimravoidea
Family: †Nimravidae
Cope, 1880
Genera[2]
Synonyms

Barbourofelidae? Schultz, et al., 1970

Nimravidae is an extinct family of carnivorans, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, whose fossils are found in North America and Eurasia. Not considered to belong to the true cats (family Felidae), the nimravids are generally considered closely related and classified as a distinct family in the suborder Feliformia. Fossils have been dated from the Middle Eocene through the Late Oligocene epochs (Bartonian through Chattian stages, 40.4–23.03 million years ago), spanning about 17.37 million years.[3]

The barbourofelids, which were formerly classified as a subfamily of the Nimravidae, were reassigned to their own distinct family Barbourofelidae in 2004.[4] However, some recent (2020) studies suggest the barbourofelids are a branch of the nimravids, suggesting that this debate might not be settled yet.[5] If accepted, the family would’ve persisted until the Late Miocene.

Morphology

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Most nimravids had muscular, low-slung, cat-like bodies, with shorter legs and tails than are typical of cats. Unlike extant Feliformia, the nimravids had a different bone structure in the small bones of the ear. The middle ear of true cats is housed in an external structure called an auditory bulla, which is separated by a septum into two chambers. Nimravid remains show ossified bullae with no septum, or no trace at all of the entire bulla. They are assumed to have had a cartilaginous housing of the ear mechanism.[6] Nimravid feet were short, indicating they walked in a plantigrade or semiplantigrade posture, i.e., on the flat of the feet rather than the toes, like modern cats.[7]

Although some nimravids physically resembled the saber-toothed cats, such as Smilodon, they were not closely related,[8] but evolved a similar form through parallel evolution. They possessed synapomorphies with the barbourofelids in the cranium, mandible, dentition, and postcranium.[9] They also had a downward-projecting flange on the front of the mandible as long as the canine teeth, a feature which also convergently evolved in the saber-toothed sparassodont Thylacosmilus.

A 2021 study has shown that a sizeable number of species developed feline-like morphologies in addition to saber-toothed taxa.[10]

Taxonomy

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The family Nimravidae was named by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1880,[11] with the type genus as Nimravus. The family was assigned to Fissipedia by Cope (1889); to Caniformia by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Aeluroidea by Carroll (1988); to Feliformia by Bryant (1991); and to Carnivoramorpha, by Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin (2005).[12]

Nimravids are placed in tribes by some authors to reflect closer relationships between genera within the family. Some nimravids evolved into large, toothed, cat-like forms with massive flattened upper canines and accompanying mandibular flanges. Some had dentition similar to felids, or modern cats, with smaller canines. Others had moderately increased canines in a more intermediate relationship between the saber-toothed cats and felids. The upper canines were not only shorter, but also more conical, than those of the true saber-toothed cats (Machairodontinae). These nimravids are referred to as "false saber-tooths".

Not only did nimravids exhibit diverse dentition, but they also showed the same diversity in size and morphology as cats. Some were leopard-sized, while some like as E. adelos the size of today's lions and tigers.[2] One had the short face, rounded skull, and smaller canines of the modern cheetah, and one, Nanosmilus, was only the size of a small bobcat.

The Barbourofelids were for a while no longer included in Nimravidae, following elevation to family as sister clade to the true cats (family Felidae).[13][14] However, several recent studies have returned them to Nimravidae, including as part of Nimravinae.[2][10]

Family †Nimravidae
Tribe Image Genus Species
†Dinailurictis (Helbing, 1922)
  • †D. bonali
†Dinictis (Leidy, 1854)
  • †D. felina
†Eofelis (Kretzoi, 1938)
  • †E. edwardsii
  • †E. giganteus
†Maofelis[15] (Averianov et al., 2016)
  • †M. cantonensis
†Pangurban[1] (Poust et al, 2022)
  • †P. egiae
†Pogonodon (Cope, 1880)
  • †P. davisi
  • †P. platycopis
†Quercylurus (Ginsburg 1979)
  • †Q. major
†Nimravini †Dinaelurus (Eaton, 1922)
  • †D. crassus
†Nimravus (Cope, 1879)
  • †N. brachyops
  • †N. intermedius
†Hoplophoneini †Hoplophoneus[16] (Cope, 1874)

 (Subgenus: †Eusmilus[16] (Eaton, 1922)) 

  •  †H. bidentatus 
  •  †H. cerebralis 
  • †H. dakotensis
  • †H. mentalis
  • †H. occidentalis
  • †H. oharrai
  • †H. primaevus
  •  †H. sicarius 
  • †H. villebramarensis
†Nanosmilus (Martin, 1992)
  • †N. kurteni

Phylogeny

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The phylogenetic relationships of Nimravidae are shown in the following cladogram:[15][16][17]

A 2021 study divides Nimravidae into Hoplophoninae and Nimravinae, the latter including the bulk of species in addition to barbourofelids.

Phylogeny of Nimravidae from the 2022 description of Pangurban:[1]

Nimravidae

Maofelis cantonensis

MA-PHQ 348

Nimravinae

Dinictis felina

Pogonodon davisi

Pogonodon platycopis

Dinaelurus crassus

Nimravus brachyops

Nimravus intermedius

Eofelis edwardsii

Dinailurictis bonali

Quercylurus major

Hoplophoneini

Pangurban egiae

Hoplophoneus oharrai

Hoplophoneus occidentalis

Hoplophoneus primaevus

Nanosmilus kurteni

Eusmilus dakotensis

Eusmilus sicarius

Eusmilus adelos

Eusmilus cerebralis

Eusmilus bidentatus

Eusmilus villebramarensis

Evolution

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Restoration of Dinictis and Protoceras by Charles R. Knight

The ancestors of nimravids and cats diverged from a common ancestor soon after the Caniformia–Feliformia split, in the middle Eocene about 50 million years ago (Mya), with a minimum constraint of 43 Mya.

Nimravids appeared in the middle of the Eocene epoch, about 40 Mya, in North America and Asia. The global climate at this time was warm and wet, but was trending cooler and drier toward the late Eocene. The lush forests of the Eocene were transforming to scrub and open woodland. This climatic trend continued in the Oligocene, and nimravids evidently flourished in this environment. North America and Asia were connected and shared much related fauna.[18] Europe in the Oligocene was more of an archipelago than a continent, though some land bridges must have existed, for nimravids also spread there.

Extinction

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Both Hoplophoneini and Nimravinae died out during the Oligocene epoch, with the last taxa going extinct 28 and 23.03 million years ago respectively.[19][20] Their extinction probably coincides with the expansion of grasslands, and led to the infamous cat gap, a 7 million year period where no cat-like predators were present in North America.[7]

Barbourfeline, if members of the family, went extinct around 7 million years ago, during the Late Miocene, due to unknown reasons.[2] Anton suggested competition with machairodontinae such as Nimravides, may have contributed to their extinction, as Barbourfeline were widely successful despite the wider expansion of grasslands.[7] However, this has been contested due to the limited overlap between both clades.[2] In areas they were contemporary, such as Linxia Basin, Albanosmilus was also able to coexist and compete with machairodont Amphimachairodous and Machairodus.[21] Other authors suggested it was more likely they went extinct because of the faunal overturn during the Late Miocene due to the wider expansion of grasslands.[2][22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Poust, Ashley W.; Barrett, Paul Z.; Tomiya, Susumu (2022). "An early nimravid from California and the rise of hypercarnivorous mammals after the middle Eocene climatic optimum". Biology Letters. 18 (10): 20220291. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0291. hdl:2433/276689. S2CID 252818430.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Barrett, Paul Zachary (2021-10-26). "The largest hoplophonine and a complex new hypothesis of nimravid evolution". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21078. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00521-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8548586. PMID 34702935.
  3. ^ Nimravidae in the Paleobiology Database
  4. ^ Morlo, Michael; Peigné, Stéphane; Nagel, Doris (January 2004). "A new species of Prosansanosmilus: implications for the systematic relationships of the family Barbourofelidae new rank (Carnivora, Mammalia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (1): 43. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00087.x.
  5. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; White, Stuart C.; Guan, Jian (2 May 2020). "A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (9): 783–803. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066. S2CID 211545222.
  6. ^ Turner, Alan (1997). The Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives: an illustrated guide. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-231-10228-3.
  7. ^ a b c Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780253010421.
  8. ^ "Meet the Cat Family". Junior Observer. The Sunday Observer. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Associated Newspapers of Ceylon. July 16, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  9. ^ Bryant, Harold N. (February 1991). "Phylogenetic Relationships and Systematics of the Nimravidae (Carnivora)". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (1). Lawrence, Kansas: American Society of Mammalogists: 56–78. doi:10.2307/1381980. JSTOR 1381980.
  10. ^ a b Barrett, P. Z.; Hopkins, W. S. B.; Price, S. A. (2021). "How many sabertooths? Reevaluating the number of carnivoran sabertooth lineages with total-evidence Bayesian techniques and a novel origin of the Miocene Nimravidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (1): e1923523. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1923523. S2CID 236221655.
  11. ^ Cope, E. D. (1889). "Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrata". The American Naturalist. 23: 1–29.
  12. ^ Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). "Phylogeny of early Tertiary Carnivora, with a description of a new species of Protictis from the middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming". American Museum Novitates. hdl:2246/5338.
  13. ^ Morlo, Michael; Peigné, Stéphane & Nagel, Doris (January 2004). "A new species of Prosansanosmilus: implications for the systematic relationships of the family Barbourofelidae new rank (Carnivora, Mammalia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (1): 43. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00087.x.
  14. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  15. ^ a b Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Skutschas, Pavel; Jin, Jianhua (2016-05-10). "First nimravid skull from Asia". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25812. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625812A. doi:10.1038/srep25812. PMC 4861911. PMID 27161785.
  16. ^ a b c Barrett, P.Z. (2016). "Taxonomic and systematic revisions to the North American Nimravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". PeerJ. 4: e1658. doi:10.7717/peerj.1658. PMC 4756750. PMID 26893959.
  17. ^ Peigne, Stéphane (May 2003). "Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (3): 199–229. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00116.x. S2CID 86827900.
  18. ^ Prothero, Donald R. (2006). After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 9, 132–134, 160, 167, 174, 176, 198, 222–233. ISBN 978-0-253-34733-6.
  19. ^ PaleoBiology Database: Hoplophoneinae, basic info
  20. ^ PaleoBiology Database: Nimravinae, basic info
  21. ^ Jiangzuo, Q; Werdelin, L; Sanisidro, O; Yang, Rong; Fu, Jiao; Li, Shijie; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (April 2023). "Origin of adaptations to openenvironments and social behaviour insabretoothed cats from the northeasternborder of the Tibetan Plateau". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1997): 7–8. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. PMC 10113030. PMID 37072045. S2CID 20230019.
  22. ^ Jiangzuo, Qigao; Li, Shijie; Deng, Tao (2022). "Parallelism and lineage replacement of the late Miocene scimitar-toothed cats from the old and New World" (PDF). iScience. 25 (12): 105637. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j5637J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105637. PMC 9730133. PMID 36505925.
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